source: source/ariba/overlay/BaseOverlay.cpp@ 6873

// [License]
// The Ariba-Underlay Copyright
//
// Copyright (c) 2008-2009, Institute of Telematics, UniversitÀt Karlsruhe (TH)
//
// Institute of Telematics
// UniversitÀt Karlsruhe (TH)
// Zirkel 2, 76128 Karlsruhe
// Germany
//
// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
// met:
//
// 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
// 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
// documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
//
// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE INSTITUTE OF TELEMATICS ``AS IS'' AND
// ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
// IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
// PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE ARIBA PROJECT OR
// CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL,
// EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
// PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR
// PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF
// LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING
// NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
// SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
//
// The views and conclusions contained in the software and documentation
// are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing
// official policies, either expressed or implied, of the Institute of
// Telematics.
// [License]

#include "BaseOverlay.h"

#include <sstream>
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <boost/foreach.hpp>

#include "ariba/NodeListener.h"
#include "ariba/CommunicationListener.h"
#include "ariba/SideportListener.h"

#include "ariba/overlay/LinkDescriptor.h"

#include "ariba/overlay/messages/OverlayMsg.h"
#include "ariba/overlay/messages/DHTMessage.h"
#include "ariba/overlay/messages/JoinRequest.h"
#include "ariba/overlay/messages/JoinReply.h"

#include "ariba/utility/visual/OvlVis.h"
#include "ariba/utility/visual/DddVis.h"
#include "ariba/utility/visual/ServerVis.h"

namespace ariba {
namespace overlay {

#define visual                          ariba::utility::DddVis::instance()
#define visualIdOverlay         ariba::utility::ServerVis::NETWORK_ID_BASE_OVERLAY
#define visualIdBase            ariba::utility::ServerVis::NETWORK_ID_BASE_COMMUNICATION

class ValueEntry {
public:
        ValueEntry( const Data& value ) : ttl(0), last_update(time(NULL)),
                last_change(time(NULL)), value(value.clone()) {
        }

        ValueEntry( const ValueEntry& value ) :
                ttl(value.ttl), last_update(value.last_update),
                last_change(value.last_change), value(value.value.clone()) {

        }

        ~ValueEntry()  {
                value.release();
        }

        void refresh() {
                last_update = time(NULL);
        }

        void set_value( const Data& value ) {
                this->value.release();
                this->value = value.clone();
                this->last_change = time(NULL);
                this->last_update = time(NULL);
        }

        Data get_value() const {
                return value;
        }

        uint16_t get_ttl() const {
                return ttl;
        }

        void set_ttl( uint16_t ttl ) {
                this->ttl = ttl;
        }

        bool is_ttl_elapsed() const {
                // is persistent? yes-> always return false
                if (ttl==0) return false;

                // return true, if ttl is elapsed
                return ( difftime( time(NULL), this->last_update ) >= ttl );
        }

private:
        uint16_t ttl;
        time_t last_update;
        time_t last_change;
        Data value;
};

class DHTEntry {
public:
        Data key;
        vector<ValueEntry> values;

        vector<Data> get_values() {
                vector<Data> vect;
                BOOST_FOREACH( ValueEntry& e, values )
                vect.push_back( e.get_value() );
                return vect;
        }

        void erase_expired_entries() {
                for (vector<ValueEntry>::iterator i = values.begin();
                                i != values.end(); i++ )
                        if (i->is_ttl_elapsed()) i = values.erase(i);
        }
};

class DHT {
public:
        typedef vector<DHTEntry> Entries;
        typedef vector<ValueEntry> Values;
        Entries entries;
        static const bool verbose = false;

        static bool equals( const Data& lhs, const Data& rhs ) {
                if (rhs.getLength()!=lhs.getLength()) return false;
                for (int i=0; i<lhs.getLength()/8; i++)
                        if (lhs.getBuffer()[i] != rhs.getBuffer()[i]) return false;
                return true;
        }

        void put( const Data& key, const Data& value, uint16_t ttl = 0 ) {

                // find entry
                for (size_t i=0; i<entries.size(); i++) {
                        DHTEntry& entry = entries.at(i);

                        // check if key is already known
                        if ( equals(entry.key, key) ) {

                                // check if value is already in values list
                                for (size_t j=0; j<entry.values.size(); j++) {
                                        // found value already? yes-> refresh ttl
                                        if ( equals(entry.values[j].get_value(), value) ) {
                                                entry.values[j].refresh();
                                                if (verbose)
                                                        std::cout << "DHT: Republished value. Refreshing value timestamp."
                                                                << std::endl;
                                                return;
                                        }
                                }

                                // new value-> add to entry
                                if (verbose)
                                        std::cout << "DHT: Added value to "
                                                << " key=" << key << " with value=" << value << std::endl;
                                entry.values.push_back( ValueEntry( value ) );
                                entry.values.back().set_ttl(ttl);
                                return;
                        }
                }

                // key is unknown-> add key value pair
                if (verbose)
                        std::cout << "DHT: New key value pair "
                                << " key=" << key << " with value=" << value << std::endl;

                // add new entry
                entries.push_back( DHTEntry() );
                DHTEntry& entry = entries.back();
                entry.key = key.clone();
                entry.values.push_back( ValueEntry(value) );
                entry.values.back().set_ttl(ttl);
        }

        vector<Data> get( const Data& key ) {
                // find entry
                for (size_t i=0; i<entries.size(); i++) {
                        DHTEntry& entry = entries.at(i);
                        if ( equals(entry.key,key) )
                                return entry.get_values();
                }
                return vector<Data>();
        }

        bool remove( const Data& key ) {
                // find entry
                for (Entries::iterator i = entries.begin(); i != entries.end(); i++) {
                        DHTEntry& entry = *i;

                        // found? yes-> delete entry
                        if ( equals(entry.key, key) ) {
                                i = entries.erase(i);
                                return true;
                        }
                }
                return false;
        }

        bool remove( const Data& key, const Data& value ) {
                // find entry
                for (Entries::iterator i = entries.begin(); i != entries.end(); i++) {
                        DHTEntry& entry = *i;

                        // found? yes-> try to find value
                        if ( equals(entry.key, key) ) {
                                for (Values::iterator j = entry.values.begin();
                                                j != entry.values.end(); j++) {

                                        // value found? yes-> delete
                                        if (equals(j->get_value(), value)) {
                                                j = entry.values.erase(j);
                                                return true;
                                        }
                                }
                        }
                }
                return false;
        }

        void cleanup() {
                // find entry
                for (Entries::iterator i = entries.begin(); i != entries.end(); i++) {
                        DHTEntry& entry = *i;

                        for (Values::iterator j = entry.values.begin();
                                        j != entry.values.end(); j++) {

                                // value found? yes-> delete
                                if (j->is_ttl_elapsed())
                                        j = entry.values.erase(j);
                        }

                        if (entry.values.size()==0) i = entries.erase(i);
                }
        }
};

// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------

/* *****************************************************************************
 * PREREQUESITES
 * ****************************************************************************/

CommunicationListener* BaseOverlay::getListener( const ServiceID& service ) {
        if( !communicationListeners.contains( service ) ) {
                logging_error( "No listener found for service " << service.toString() );
                return NULL;
        }
        CommunicationListener* listener = communicationListeners.get( service );
        assert( listener != NULL );
        return listener;
}

// link descriptor handling ----------------------------------------------------

LinkDescriptor* BaseOverlay::getDescriptor( const LinkID& link, bool communication ) {
        BOOST_FOREACH( LinkDescriptor* lp, links )
                                if ((communication ? lp->communicationId : lp->overlayId) == link)
                                        return lp;
        return NULL;
}

const LinkDescriptor* BaseOverlay::getDescriptor( const LinkID& link, bool communication ) const {
        BOOST_FOREACH( const LinkDescriptor* lp, links )
                                if ((communication ? lp->communicationId : lp->overlayId) == link)
                                        return lp;
        return NULL;
}

/// erases a link descriptor
void BaseOverlay::eraseDescriptor( const LinkID& link, bool communication ) {
        for ( vector<LinkDescriptor*>::iterator i = links.begin(); i!= links.end(); i++) {
                LinkDescriptor* ld = *i;
                if ((communication ? ld->communicationId : ld->overlayId) == link) {
                        delete ld;
                        links.erase(i);
                        break;
                }
        }
}

/// adds a link descriptor
LinkDescriptor* BaseOverlay::addDescriptor( const LinkID& link ) {
        LinkDescriptor* desc = getDescriptor( link );
        if ( desc == NULL ) {
                desc = new LinkDescriptor();
                if (!link.isUnspecified()) desc->overlayId = link;
                links.push_back(desc);
        }
        return desc;
}

/// returns a auto-link descriptor
LinkDescriptor* BaseOverlay::getAutoDescriptor( const NodeID& node, const ServiceID& service ) {
        // search for a descriptor that is already up
        BOOST_FOREACH( LinkDescriptor* lp, links )
                                if (lp->autolink && lp->remoteNode == node && lp->service == service && lp->up && lp->keepAliveMissed == 0)
                                        return lp;
        // if not found, search for one that is about to come up...
        BOOST_FOREACH( LinkDescriptor* lp, links )
        if (lp->autolink && lp->remoteNode == node && lp->service == service && lp->keepAliveMissed == 0 )
                return lp;
        return NULL;
}

/// stabilizes link information
void BaseOverlay::stabilizeLinks() {
        // send keep-alive messages over established links
        BOOST_FOREACH( LinkDescriptor* ld, links ) {
                if (!ld->up) continue;
                OverlayMsg msg( OverlayMsg::typeLinkAlive,
                                OverlayInterface::OVERLAY_SERVICE_ID, nodeId, ld->remoteNode );
                if (ld->relayed) msg.setRouteRecord(true);
                send_link( &msg, ld->overlayId );
        }

        // iterate over all links and check for time boundaries
        vector<LinkDescriptor*> oldlinks;
        time_t now = time(NULL);
        BOOST_FOREACH( LinkDescriptor* ld, links ) {

                // keep alives and not up? yes-> link connection request is stale!
                if ( !ld->up && difftime( now, ld->keepAliveTime ) >= 2 ) {

                        // increase counter
                        ld->keepAliveMissed++;

                        // missed more than four keep-alive messages (10 sec)? -> drop link
                        if (ld->keepAliveMissed > 4) {
                                logging_info( "Link connection request is stale, closing: " << ld );
                                oldlinks.push_back( ld );
                                continue;
                        }
                }

                if (!ld->up) continue;

                // remote used as relay flag
                if ( ld->relaying && difftime( now, ld->timeRelaying ) > 10)
                        ld->relaying = false;

                // drop links that are dropped and not used as relay
                if (ld->dropAfterRelaying && !ld->relaying && !ld->autolink) {
                        oldlinks.push_back( ld );
                        continue;
                }

                // auto-link time exceeded?
                if ( ld->autolink && difftime( now, ld->lastuse ) > 30 ) {
                        oldlinks.push_back( ld );
                        continue;
                }

                // keep alives missed? yes->
                if ( difftime( now, ld->keepAliveTime ) > 2 ) {

                        // increase counter
                        ld->keepAliveMissed++;

                        // missed more than four keep-alive messages (4 sec)? -> drop link
                        if (ld->keepAliveMissed >= 4) {
                                logging_info( "Link is stale, closing: " << ld );
                                oldlinks.push_back( ld );
                                continue;
                        }
                }
        }

        // drop links
        BOOST_FOREACH( LinkDescriptor* ld, oldlinks ) {
                logging_info( "Link timed out. Dropping " << ld );
                ld->relaying = false;
                dropLink( ld->overlayId );
        }

        // show link state
        counter++;
        if (counter>=4) showLinks();
        if (counter>=4 || counter<0) counter = 0;
}


std::string BaseOverlay::getLinkHTMLInfo() {
        std::ostringstream s;
        vector<NodeID> nodes;
        if (links.size()==0) {
                s << "<h2 style=\"color=#606060\">No links established!</h2>";
        } else {
                s << "<h2 style=\"color=#606060\">Links</h2>";
                s << "<table width=\"100%\" cellpadding=\"0\" border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\">";
                s << "<tr style=\"background-color=#ffe0e0\">";
                s << "<td><b>Link ID</b></td><td><b>Remote ID</b></td><td><b>Relay path</b></td>";
                s << "</tr>";

                int i=0;
                BOOST_FOREACH( LinkDescriptor* ld, links ) {
                        if (!ld->isVital() || ld->service != OverlayInterface::OVERLAY_SERVICE_ID) continue;
                        bool found = false;
                        BOOST_FOREACH(NodeID& id, nodes)
                        if (id  == ld->remoteNode) found = true;
                        if (found) continue;
                        i++;
                        nodes.push_back(ld->remoteNode);
                        if ((i%1) == 1) s << "<tr style=\"background-color=#f0f0f0;\">";
                        else s << "<tr>";
                        s << "<td>" << ld->overlayId.toString().substr(0,4) << "..</td>";
                        s << "<td>" << ld->remoteNode.toString().substr(0,4) << "..</td>";
                        s << "<td>";
                        if (ld->routeRecord.size()>1 && ld->relayed) {
                                for (size_t i=1; i<ld->routeRecord.size(); i++)
                                        s << ld->routeRecord[ld->routeRecord.size()-i-1].toString().substr(0,4) << ".. ";
                        } else {
                                s << "Direct";
                        }
                        s << "</td>";
                        s << "</tr>";
                }
                s << "</table>";
        }
        return s.str();
}

/// shows the current link state
void BaseOverlay::showLinks() {
        int i=0;
        logging_info("--- link state -------------------------------");
        BOOST_FOREACH( LinkDescriptor* ld, links ) {
                logging_info("link " << i << ": " << ld);
                i++;
        }
        logging_info("----------------------------------------------");
}

/// compares two arbitrary links to the same node
int BaseOverlay::compare( const LinkID& lhs, const LinkID& rhs ) {
        LinkDescriptor* lhsld = getDescriptor(lhs);
        LinkDescriptor* rhsld = getDescriptor(rhs);
        if (lhsld==NULL || rhsld==NULL
                        || !lhsld->up || !rhsld->up
                        || lhsld->remoteNode != rhsld->remoteNode) return -1;

        if ((lhsld->remoteLink^lhsld->overlayId)<(rhsld->remoteLink^lhsld->overlayId)  )
                return -1;

        return 1;
}


// internal message delivery ---------------------------------------------------

/// routes a message to its destination node
void BaseOverlay::route( OverlayMsg* message ) {

        // exceeded time-to-live? yes-> drop message
        if (message->getNumHops() > message->getTimeToLive()) {
                logging_warn("Message exceeded TTL. Dropping message and relay routes"
                                "for recovery.");
                removeRelayNode(message->getDestinationNode());
                return;
        }

        // no-> forward message
        else {
                // destinastion myself? yes-> handle message
                if (message->getDestinationNode() == nodeId) {
                        logging_warn("Usually I should not route messages to myself!");
                        Message msg;
                        msg.encapsulate(message);
                        handleMessage( &msg, NULL );
                } else {
                        // no->send message to next hop
                        send( message, message->getDestinationNode() );
                }
        }
}

/// sends a message to another node, delivers it to the base overlay class
seqnum_t BaseOverlay::send( OverlayMsg* message, const NodeID& destination ) {
        LinkDescriptor* next_link = NULL;

        // drop messages to unspecified destinations
        if (destination.isUnspecified()) return -1;

        // send messages to myself -> handle message and drop warning!
        if (destination == nodeId) {
                logging_warn("Sent message to myself. Handling message.")
                Message msg;
                msg.encapsulate(message);
                handleMessage( &msg, NULL );
                return -1;
        }

        // use relay path?
        if (message->isRelayed()) {
                next_link = getRelayLinkTo( destination );
                if (next_link != NULL) {
                        next_link->setRelaying();
                        return bc->sendMessage(next_link->communicationId, message);
                } else {
                        logging_warn("Could not send message. No relay hop found to "
                                        << destination << " -- trying to route over overlay paths ...")
//                      logging_error("ERROR: " << debugInformation() );
                //                      return -1;
                }
        }

        // last resort -> route over overlay path
        LinkID next_id = overlayInterface->getNextLinkId( destination );
        if (next_id.isUnspecified()) {
                logging_warn("Could not send message. No next hop found to " <<
                                destination );
                logging_error("ERROR: " << debugInformation() );
                return -1;
        }

        // get link descriptor, up and running? yes-> send message
        next_link = getDescriptor(next_id);
        if (next_link != NULL && next_link->up) {
                // send message over relayed link
                return send(message, next_link);
        }

        // no-> error, dropping message
        else {
                logging_warn("Could not send message. Link not known or up");
                logging_error("ERROR: " << debugInformation() );
                return -1;
        }

        // not reached-> fail
        return -1;
}

/// send a message using a link descriptor, delivers it to the base overlay class
seqnum_t BaseOverlay::send( OverlayMsg* message, LinkDescriptor* ldr, bool ignore_down ) {
        // check if null
        if (ldr == NULL) {
                logging_error("Can not send message to " << message->getDestinationAddress());
                return -1;
        }

        // check if up
        if (!ldr->up && !ignore_down) {
                logging_error("Can not send message. Link not up:" << ldr );
                logging_error("DEBUG_INFO: " << debugInformation() );
                return -1;
        }
        LinkDescriptor* ld = NULL;

        // handle relayed link
        if (ldr->relayed) {
                logging_debug("Resolving direct link for relayed link to "
                                << ldr->remoteNode);
                ld = getRelayLinkTo( ldr->remoteNode );
                if (ld==NULL) {
                        logging_error("No relay path found to link " << ldr );
                        logging_error("DEBUG_INFO: " << debugInformation() );
                        return -1;
                }
                ld->setRelaying();
                message->setRelayed(true);
        } else
                ld = ldr;

        // handle direct link
        if (ld->communicationUp) {
                logging_debug("send(): Sending message over direct link.");
                return bc->sendMessage( ld->communicationId, message );
        } else {
                logging_error("send(): Could not send message. "
                                "Not a relayed link and direct link is not up.");
                return -1;
        }
        return -1;
}

seqnum_t BaseOverlay::send_node( OverlayMsg* message, const NodeID& remote,
                const ServiceID& service) {
        message->setSourceNode(nodeId);
        message->setDestinationNode(remote);
        message->setService(service);
        send( message, remote );
}

seqnum_t BaseOverlay::send_link( OverlayMsg* message, const LinkID& link,bool ignore_down ) {
        LinkDescriptor* ld = getDescriptor(link);
        if (ld==NULL) {
                logging_error("Cannot find descriptor to link id=" << link.toString());
                return -1;
        }
        message->setSourceNode(nodeId);
        message->setDestinationNode(ld->remoteNode);

        message->setSourceLink(ld->overlayId);
        message->setDestinationLink(ld->remoteLink);

        message->setService(ld->service);
        message->setRelayed(ld->relayed);
        return send( message, ld, ignore_down );
}

// relay route management ------------------------------------------------------

/// stabilize relay information
void BaseOverlay::stabilizeRelays() {
        vector<relay_route>::iterator i = relay_routes.begin();
        while (i!=relay_routes.end() ) {
                relay_route& route = *i;
                LinkDescriptor* ld = getDescriptor(route.link);

                // relay link still used and alive?
                if (ld==NULL
                                || !ld->isDirectVital()
                                || difftime(route.used, time(NULL)) > 8) {
                        logging_info("Forgetting relay information to node "
                                        << route.node.toString() );
                        i = relay_routes.erase(i);
                } else
                        i++;
        }
}

void BaseOverlay::removeRelayLink( const LinkID& link ) {
        vector<relay_route>::iterator i = relay_routes.begin();
        while (i!=relay_routes.end() ) {
                relay_route& route = *i;
                if (route.link == link ) i = relay_routes.erase(i); else i++;
        }
}

void BaseOverlay::removeRelayNode( const NodeID& remote ) {
        vector<relay_route>::iterator i = relay_routes.begin();
        while (i!=relay_routes.end() ) {
                relay_route& route = *i;
                if (route.node == remote ) i = relay_routes.erase(i); else i++;
        }
}

/// refreshes relay information
void BaseOverlay::refreshRelayInformation( const OverlayMsg* message, LinkDescriptor* ld ) {

        // handle relayed messages from real links only
        if (ld == NULL
                        || ld->relayed
                        || message->getSourceNode()==nodeId ) return;

        // update usage information
        if (message->isRelayed()) {
                // try to find source node
                BOOST_FOREACH( relay_route& route, relay_routes ) {
                        // relay route found? yes->
                        if ( route.node == message->getDestinationNode() ) {
                                ld->setRelaying();
                                route.used = time(NULL);
                        }
                }

        }

        // register relay path
        if (message->isRegisterRelay()) {
                // set relaying
                ld->setRelaying();

                // try to find source node
                BOOST_FOREACH( relay_route& route, relay_routes ) {

                        // relay route found? yes->
                        if ( route.node == message->getSourceNode() ) {

                                // refresh timer
                                route.used = time(NULL);
                                LinkDescriptor* rld = getDescriptor(route.link);

                                // route has a shorter hop count or old link is dead? yes-> replace
                                if (route.hops > message->getNumHops()
                                                || rld == NULL
                                                || !rld->isDirectVital()) {
                                        logging_info("Updating relay information to node "
                                                        << route.node.toString()
                                                        << " reducing to " << message->getNumHops() << " hops.");
                                        route.hops = message->getNumHops();
                                        route.link = ld->overlayId;
                                }
                                return;
                        }
                }

                // not found-> add new entry
                relay_route route;
                route.hops = message->getNumHops();
                route.link = ld->overlayId;
                route.node = message->getSourceNode();
                route.used = time(NULL);
                logging_info("Remembering relay information to node "
                                << route.node.toString());
                relay_routes.push_back(route);
        }
}

/// returns a known "vital" relay link which is up and running
LinkDescriptor* BaseOverlay::getRelayLinkTo( const NodeID& remote ) {
        // try to find source node
        BOOST_FOREACH( relay_route& route, relay_routes ) {
                if (route.node == remote ) {
                        LinkDescriptor* ld = getDescriptor( route.link );
                        if (ld==NULL || !ld->isDirectVital()) return NULL; else {
                                route.used = time(NULL);
                                return ld;
                        }
                }
        }
        return NULL;
}

/* *****************************************************************************
 * PUBLIC MEMBERS
 * ****************************************************************************/

use_logging_cpp(BaseOverlay);

// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------

BaseOverlay::BaseOverlay() :
                        bc(NULL), overlayInterface(NULL), nodeId(NodeID::UNSPECIFIED),
                        spovnetId(SpoVNetID::UNSPECIFIED), state(BaseOverlayStateInvalid),
                        sideport(&SideportListener::DEFAULT), started(false), counter(0) {
        dht = new DHT();
        localDHT = new DHT();
}

BaseOverlay::~BaseOverlay() {
        delete dht;
}

// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------

void BaseOverlay::start( BaseCommunication& _basecomm, const NodeID& _nodeid ) {
        logging_info("Starting...");

        // set parameters
        bc = &_basecomm;
        nodeId = _nodeid;

        // register at base communication
        bc->registerMessageReceiver( this );
        bc->registerEventListener( this );

        // timer for auto link management
        Timer::setInterval( 1000 );
        Timer::start();

        started = true;
        state = BaseOverlayStateInvalid;
}

void BaseOverlay::stop() {
        logging_info("Stopping...");

        // stop timer
        Timer::stop();

        // delete oberlay interface
        if(overlayInterface != NULL) {
                delete overlayInterface;
                overlayInterface = NULL;
        }

        // unregister at base communication
        bc->unregisterMessageReceiver( this );
        bc->unregisterEventListener( this );

        started = false;
        state = BaseOverlayStateInvalid;
}

bool BaseOverlay::isStarted(){
        return started;
}

// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------

void BaseOverlay::joinSpoVNet(const SpoVNetID& id,
                const EndpointDescriptor& bootstrapEp) {

        if(id != spovnetId){
                logging_error("attempt to join against invalid spovnet, call initiate first");
                return;
        }


        //ovl.visShowNodeBubble ( ovlId, nodeId, "joining..." );
        logging_info( "Starting to join spovnet " << id.toString() <<
                        " with nodeid " << nodeId.toString());

        if(bootstrapEp.isUnspecified() && state == BaseOverlayStateInvalid){

                // bootstrap against ourselfs
                logging_info("joining spovnet locally");

                overlayInterface->joinOverlay();
                state = BaseOverlayStateCompleted;
                BOOST_FOREACH( NodeListener* i, nodeListeners )
                i->onJoinCompleted( spovnetId );

                //ovl.visChangeNodeIcon ( ovlId, nodeId, OvlVis::ICON_ID_CAMERA );
                //ovl.visChangeNodeColor( ovlId, nodeId, OvlVis::NODE_COLORS_GREEN );

                logging_debug("starting overlay bootstrap module");
                overlayBootstrap.start(this, spovnetId, nodeId);
                overlayBootstrap.publish(bc->getEndpointDescriptor());

        } else {

                // bootstrap against another node
                logging_info("joining spovnet remotely against " << bootstrapEp.toString());

                const LinkID& lnk = bc->establishLink( bootstrapEp );
                bootstrapLinks.push_back(lnk);
                logging_info("join process initiated for " << id.toString() << "...");
        }
}

void BaseOverlay::leaveSpoVNet() {

        logging_info( "Leaving spovnet " << spovnetId );
        bool ret = ( state != this->BaseOverlayStateInvalid );

        logging_debug("stopping overlay bootstrap module");
        overlayBootstrap.stop();
        overlayBootstrap.revoke();

        logging_debug( "Dropping all auto-links" );

        // gather all service links
        vector<LinkID> servicelinks;
        BOOST_FOREACH( LinkDescriptor* ld, links ) {
                if( ld->service != OverlayInterface::OVERLAY_SERVICE_ID )
                        servicelinks.push_back( ld->overlayId );
        }

        // drop all service links
        BOOST_FOREACH( LinkID lnk, servicelinks )
        dropLink( lnk );

        // let the node leave the spovnet overlay interface
        logging_debug( "Leaving overlay" );
        if( overlayInterface != NULL )
                overlayInterface->leaveOverlay();

        // drop still open bootstrap links
        BOOST_FOREACH( LinkID lnk, bootstrapLinks )
        bc->dropLink( lnk );

        // change to inalid state
        state = BaseOverlayStateInvalid;
        //ovl.visShutdown( ovlId, nodeId, string("") );

        visual.visShutdown(visualIdOverlay, nodeId, "");
        visual.visShutdown(visualIdBase, nodeId, "");

        // inform all registered services of the event
        BOOST_FOREACH( NodeListener* i, nodeListeners ) {
                if( ret ) i->onLeaveCompleted( spovnetId );
                else i->onLeaveFailed( spovnetId );
        }
}

void BaseOverlay::createSpoVNet(const SpoVNetID& id,
                const OverlayParameterSet& param,
                const SecurityParameterSet& sec,
                const QoSParameterSet& qos) {

        // set the state that we are an initiator, this way incoming messages are
        // handled correctly
        logging_info( "creating spovnet " + id.toString() <<
                        " with nodeid " << nodeId.toString() );

        spovnetId = id;

        overlayInterface = OverlayFactory::create( *this, param, nodeId, this );
        if( overlayInterface == NULL ) {
                logging_fatal( "overlay structure not supported" );
                state = BaseOverlayStateInvalid;

                BOOST_FOREACH( NodeListener* i, nodeListeners )
                i->onJoinFailed( spovnetId );

                return;
        }

        //visual.configure("134.155.92.246", 50005);
        //visual.configure("141.3.161.8", 50005);
        visual.visCreate(visualIdBase, nodeId, "", "");
        visual.visCreate(visualIdOverlay, nodeId, "", "");
}

// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------

const LinkID BaseOverlay::establishLink( const EndpointDescriptor& remoteEp,
                const NodeID& remoteId, const ServiceID& service ) {

        // establish link via overlay
        if (!remoteId.isUnspecified())
                return establishLink( remoteId, service );
        else

                // establish link directly if only ep is known
                if (remoteId.isUnspecified())
                        return establishDirectLink(remoteEp, service );

}

/// call base communication's establish link and add link mapping
const LinkID BaseOverlay::establishDirectLink( const EndpointDescriptor& ep,
                const ServiceID& service ) {

        /// find a service listener
        if( !communicationListeners.contains( service ) ) {
                logging_error( "No listener registered for service id=" << service.toString() );
                return LinkID::UNSPECIFIED;
        }
        CommunicationListener* listener = communicationListeners.get( service );
        assert( listener != NULL );

        // create descriptor
        LinkDescriptor* ld = addDescriptor();
        ld->relayed = false;
        ld->listener = listener;
        ld->service = service;
        ld->communicationId = bc->establishLink( ep );

        /// establish link and add mapping
        logging_info("Establishing direct link " << ld->communicationId.toString()
                        << " using " << ep.toString());

        return ld->communicationId;
}

/// establishes a link between two arbitrary nodes
const LinkID BaseOverlay::establishLink( const NodeID& remote,
                const ServiceID& service ) {

        // do not establish a link to myself!
        if (remote == nodeId) return LinkID::UNSPECIFIED;

        // create a link descriptor
        LinkDescriptor* ld = addDescriptor();
        ld->relayed = true;
        ld->remoteNode = remote;
        ld->service = service;
        ld->listener = getListener(ld->service);

        // create link request message
        OverlayMsg msg(OverlayMsg::typeLinkRequest, service, nodeId, remote );
        msg.setSourceLink(ld->overlayId);

        // send over relayed link
        msg.setRelayed(true);
        //msg.setRelayed(false);
        //msg.setRegisterRelay(true);

        // debug message
        logging_info(
                        "Sending link request with"
                        << " link=" << ld->overlayId.toString()
                        << " node=" << ld->remoteNode.toString()
                        << " serv=" << ld->service.toString()
        );

        // sending message to node
        send_node( &msg, ld->remoteNode, ld->service );

        return ld->overlayId;
}

/// drops an established link
void BaseOverlay::dropLink(const LinkID& link) {
        logging_info( "Dropping link (initiated locally):" << link.toString() );

        // find the link item to drop
        LinkDescriptor* ld = getDescriptor(link);
        if( ld == NULL ) {
                logging_warn( "Can't drop link, link is unknown!");
                return;
        }

        // delete all queued messages
        if( ld->messageQueue.size() > 0 ) {
                logging_warn( "Dropping link " << ld->overlayId.toString() << " that has "
                                << ld->messageQueue.size() << " waiting messages" );
                ld->flushQueue();
        }

        // inform sideport and listener
        if(ld->listener != NULL)
                ld->listener->onLinkDown( ld->overlayId, ld->remoteNode );
        sideport->onLinkDown(ld->overlayId, this->nodeId, ld->remoteNode, this->spovnetId );

        // do not drop relay links
        if (!ld->relaying) {
                // drop the link in base communication
                if (ld->communicationUp) bc->dropLink( ld->communicationId );

                // erase descriptor
                eraseDescriptor( ld->overlayId );
        } else {
                ld->dropAfterRelaying = true;
        }
}

// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------

/// internal send message, always use this functions to send messages over links
seqnum_t BaseOverlay::sendMessage( const Message* message, const LinkID& link ) {
        logging_debug( "Sending data message on link " << link.toString() );

        // get the mapping for this link
        LinkDescriptor* ld = getDescriptor(link);
        if( ld == NULL ) {
                logging_error("Could not send message. "
                                << "Link not found id=" << link.toString());
                return -1;
        }

        // check if the link is up yet, if its an auto link queue message
        if( !ld->up ) {
                ld->setAutoUsed();
                if( ld->autolink ) {
                        logging_info("Auto-link " << link.toString() << " not up, queue message");
                        Data data = data_serialize( message );
                        const_cast<Message*>(message)->dropPayload();
                        ld->messageQueue.push_back( new Message(data) );
                } else {
                        logging_error("Link " << link.toString() << " not up, drop message");
                }
                return -1;
        }

        // compile overlay message (has service and node id)
        OverlayMsg overmsg( OverlayMsg::typeData );
        overmsg.encapsulate( const_cast<Message*>(message) );

        // send message over relay/direct/overlay
        return send_link( &overmsg, ld->overlayId );
}

seqnum_t BaseOverlay::sendMessage(const Message* message,
                const NodeID& node, const ServiceID& service) {

        // find link for node and service
        LinkDescriptor* ld = getAutoDescriptor( node, service );

        // if we found no link, create an auto link
        if( ld == NULL ) {

                // debug output
                logging_info( "No link to send message to node "
                                << node.toString() << " found for service "
                                << service.toString() << ". Creating auto link ..."
                );

                // call base overlay to create a link
                LinkID link = establishLink( node, service );
                ld = getDescriptor( link );
                if( ld == NULL ) {
                        logging_error( "Failed to establish auto-link.");
                        return -1;
                }
                ld->autolink = true;

                logging_debug( "Auto-link establishment in progress to node "
                                << node.toString() << " with link id=" << link.toString() );
        }
        assert(ld != NULL);

        // mark the link as used, as we now send a message through it
        ld->setAutoUsed();

        // send / queue message
        return sendMessage( message, ld->overlayId );
}

// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------

const EndpointDescriptor& BaseOverlay::getEndpointDescriptor(
                const LinkID& link) const {

        // return own end-point descriptor
        if( link == LinkID::UNSPECIFIED )
                return bc->getEndpointDescriptor();

        // find link descriptor. not found -> return unspecified
        const LinkDescriptor* ld = getDescriptor(link);
        if (ld==NULL) return EndpointDescriptor::UNSPECIFIED();

        // return endpoint-descriptor from base communication
        return bc->getEndpointDescriptor( ld->communicationId );
}

const EndpointDescriptor& BaseOverlay::getEndpointDescriptor(
                const NodeID& node) const {

        // return own end-point descriptor
        if( node == nodeId || node == NodeID::UNSPECIFIED )
                return bc->getEndpointDescriptor();

        // no joined and request remote descriptor? -> fail!
        if( overlayInterface == NULL ) {
                logging_error( "overlay interface not set, cannot resolve endpoint" );
                return EndpointDescriptor::UNSPECIFIED();
        }

        // resolve end-point descriptor from the base-overlay routing table
        const EndpointDescriptor& ep = overlayInterface->resolveNode( node );
        if(ep.toString() != "") return ep;

        // see if we can find the node in our own table
        BOOST_FOREACH(const LinkDescriptor* ld, links){
                if(ld->remoteNode != node) continue;
                const EndpointDescriptor& ep = bc->getEndpointDescriptor(ld->communicationId);
                if(ep.toString() == "") continue;
                if(ep != EndpointDescriptor::UNSPECIFIED()) return ep;
        }

        return EndpointDescriptor::UNSPECIFIED();
}

// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------

bool BaseOverlay::registerSidePort(SideportListener* _sideport) {
        sideport = _sideport;
        _sideport->configure( this );
}

bool BaseOverlay::unregisterSidePort(SideportListener* _sideport) {
        sideport = &SideportListener::DEFAULT;
}

// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------

bool BaseOverlay::bind(CommunicationListener* listener, const ServiceID& sid) {
        logging_debug( "binding communication listener " << listener
                        << " on serviceid " << sid.toString() );

        if( communicationListeners.contains( sid ) ) {
                logging_error( "some listener already registered for service id "
                                << sid.toString() );
                return false;
        }

        communicationListeners.registerItem( listener, sid );
        return true;
}


bool BaseOverlay::unbind(CommunicationListener* listener, const ServiceID& sid) {
        logging_debug( "unbinding listener " << listener << " from serviceid " << sid.toString() );

        if( !communicationListeners.contains( sid ) ) {
                logging_warn( "cannot unbind listener. no listener registered on service id " << sid.toString() );
                return false;
        }

        if( communicationListeners.get(sid) != listener ) {
                logging_warn( "listener bound to service id " << sid.toString()
                                << " is different than listener trying to unbind" );
                return false;
        }

        communicationListeners.unregisterItem( sid );
        return true;
}

// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------

bool BaseOverlay::bind(NodeListener* listener) {
        logging_debug( "Binding node listener " << listener );

        // already bound? yes-> warning
        NodeListenerVector::iterator i =
                        find( nodeListeners.begin(), nodeListeners.end(), listener );
        if( i != nodeListeners.end() ) {
                logging_warn("Node listener " << listener << " is already bound!" );
                return false;
        }

        // no-> add
        nodeListeners.push_back( listener );
        return true;
}

bool BaseOverlay::unbind(NodeListener* listener) {
        logging_debug( "Unbinding node listener " << listener );

        // already unbound? yes-> warning
        NodeListenerVector::iterator i = find( nodeListeners.begin(), nodeListeners.end(), listener );
        if( i == nodeListeners.end() ) {
                logging_warn( "Node listener " << listener << " is not bound!" );
                return false;
        }

        // no-> remove
        nodeListeners.erase( i );
        return true;
}

// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------

void BaseOverlay::onLinkUp(const LinkID& id,
                const address_v* local, const address_v* remote) {
        logging_debug( "Link up with base communication link id=" << id );

        // get descriptor for link
        LinkDescriptor* ld = getDescriptor(id, true);

        // handle bootstrap link we initiated
        if( std::find(bootstrapLinks.begin(), bootstrapLinks.end(), id) != bootstrapLinks.end() ){
                logging_info(
                                "Join has been initiated by me and the link is now up. " <<
                                "Sending out join request for SpoVNet " << spovnetId.toString()
                );

                // send join request message
                OverlayMsg overlayMsg( OverlayMsg::typeJoinRequest,
                                OverlayInterface::OVERLAY_SERVICE_ID, nodeId );
                JoinRequest joinRequest( spovnetId, nodeId );
                overlayMsg.encapsulate( &joinRequest );
                bc->sendMessage( id, &overlayMsg );
                return;
        }

        // no link found? -> link establishment from remote, add one!
        if (ld == NULL) {
                ld = addDescriptor( id );
                logging_info( "onLinkUp (remote request) descriptor: " << ld );

                // update descriptor
                ld->fromRemote = true;
                ld->communicationId = id;
                ld->communicationUp = true;
                ld->setAutoUsed();
                ld->setAlive();

                // in this case, do not inform listener, since service it unknown
                // -> wait for update message!

                // link mapping found? -> send update message with node-id and service id
        } else {
                logging_info( "onLinkUp descriptor (initiated locally):" << ld );

                // update descriptor
                ld->setAutoUsed();
                ld->setAlive();
                ld->communicationUp = true;
                ld->fromRemote = false;

                // if link is a relayed link->convert to direct link
                if (ld->relayed) {
                        logging_info( "Converting to direct link: " << ld );
                        ld->up = true;
                        ld->relayed = false;
                        OverlayMsg overMsg( OverlayMsg::typeLinkDirect );
                        overMsg.setSourceLink( ld->overlayId );
                        overMsg.setDestinationLink( ld->remoteLink );
                        send_link( &overMsg, ld->overlayId );
                } else {
                        // note: necessary to validate the link on the remote side!
                        logging_info( "Sending out update" <<
                                        " for service " << ld->service.toString() <<
                                        " with local node id " << nodeId.toString() <<
                                        " on link " << ld->overlayId.toString() );

                        // compile and send update message
                        OverlayMsg overlayMsg( OverlayMsg::typeLinkUpdate );
                        overlayMsg.setSourceLink(ld->overlayId);
                        overlayMsg.setAutoLink( ld->autolink );
                        send_link( &overlayMsg, ld->overlayId, true );
                }
        }
}

void BaseOverlay::onLinkDown(const LinkID& id,
                const address_v* local, const address_v* remote) {

        // erase bootstrap links
        vector<LinkID>::iterator it = std::find( bootstrapLinks.begin(), bootstrapLinks.end(), id );
        if( it != bootstrapLinks.end() ) bootstrapLinks.erase( it );

        // get descriptor for link
        LinkDescriptor* ld = getDescriptor(id, true);
        if ( ld == NULL ) return; // not found? ->ignore!
        logging_info( "onLinkDown descriptor: " << ld );

        // removing relay link information
        removeRelayLink(ld->overlayId);

        // inform listeners about link down
        ld->communicationUp = false;
        if (!ld->service.isUnspecified()) {
                CommunicationListener* lst = getListener(ld->service);
                if(lst != NULL) lst->onLinkDown( ld->overlayId, ld->remoteNode );
                sideport->onLinkDown( id, this->nodeId, ld->remoteNode, this->spovnetId );
        }

        // delete all queued messages (auto links)
        if( ld->messageQueue.size() > 0 ) {
                logging_warn( "Dropping link " << id.toString() << " that has "
                                << ld->messageQueue.size() << " waiting messages" );
                ld->flushQueue();
        }

        // erase mapping
        eraseDescriptor(ld->overlayId);
}

void BaseOverlay::onLinkChanged(const LinkID& id,
                const address_v* oldlocal, const address_v* newlocal,
                const address_v* oldremote, const address_v* newremote) {

        // get descriptor for link
        LinkDescriptor* ld = getDescriptor(id, true);
        if ( ld == NULL ) return; // not found? ->ignore!
        logging_debug( "onLinkChanged descriptor: " << ld );

        // inform listeners
        ld->listener->onLinkChanged( ld->overlayId, ld->remoteNode );
        sideport->onLinkChanged( id, this->nodeId, ld->remoteNode, this->spovnetId );

        // autolinks: refresh timestamp
        ld->setAutoUsed();
}

void BaseOverlay::onLinkFail(const LinkID& id,
                const address_v* local, const address_v* remote) {
        logging_debug( "Link fail with base communication link id=" << id );

        // erase bootstrap links
        vector<LinkID>::iterator it = std::find( bootstrapLinks.begin(), bootstrapLinks.end(), id );
        if( it != bootstrapLinks.end() ) bootstrapLinks.erase( it );

        // get descriptor for link
        LinkDescriptor* ld = getDescriptor(id, true);
        if ( ld == NULL ) return; // not found? ->ignore!
        logging_debug( "Link failed id=" << ld->overlayId.toString() );

        // inform listeners
        ld->listener->onLinkFail( ld->overlayId, ld->remoteNode );
        sideport->onLinkFail( id, this->nodeId, ld->remoteNode, this->spovnetId );
}

void BaseOverlay::onLinkQoSChanged(const LinkID& id, const address_v* local,
                const address_v* remote, const QoSParameterSet& qos) {
        logging_debug( "Link quality changed with base communication link id=" << id );

        // get descriptor for link
        LinkDescriptor* ld = getDescriptor(id, true);
        if ( ld == NULL ) return; // not found? ->ignore!
        logging_debug( "Link quality changed id=" << ld->overlayId.toString() );
}

bool BaseOverlay::onLinkRequest( const LinkID& id, const address_v* local,
                const address_v* remote ) {
        logging_debug("Accepting link request from " << remote->to_string() );
        return true;
}

/// handles a message from base communication
bool BaseOverlay::receiveMessage(const Message* message,
                const LinkID& link, const NodeID& ) {
        // get descriptor for link
        LinkDescriptor* ld = getDescriptor( link, true );
        return handleMessage( message, ld, link );
}

// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------

/// Handle spovnet instance join requests
bool BaseOverlay::handleJoinRequest( OverlayMsg* overlayMsg, const LinkID& bcLink ) {

        // decapsulate message
        JoinRequest* joinReq = overlayMsg->decapsulate<JoinRequest>();
        logging_info( "Received join request for spovnet " <<
                        joinReq->getSpoVNetID().toString() );

        // check spovnet id
        if( joinReq->getSpoVNetID() != spovnetId ) {
                logging_error(
                                "Received join request for spovnet we don't handle " <<
                                joinReq->getSpoVNetID().toString() );
                return false;
        }

        // TODO: here you can implement mechanisms to deny joining of a node
        bool allow = true;
        logging_info( "Sending join reply for spovnet " <<
                        spovnetId.toString() << " to node " <<
                        overlayMsg->getSourceNode().toString() <<
                        ". Result: " << (allow ? "allowed" : "denied") );
        joiningNodes.push_back( overlayMsg->getSourceNode() );

        // return overlay parameters
        assert( overlayInterface != NULL );
        logging_debug( "Using bootstrap end-point "
                        << getEndpointDescriptor().toString() )
        OverlayParameterSet parameters = overlayInterface->getParameters();
        OverlayMsg retmsg( OverlayMsg::typeJoinReply,
                        OverlayInterface::OVERLAY_SERVICE_ID, nodeId );
        JoinReply replyMsg( spovnetId, parameters,
                        allow, getEndpointDescriptor() );
        retmsg.encapsulate(&replyMsg);
        bc->sendMessage( bcLink, &retmsg );

        return true;
}

/// Handle replies to spovnet instance join requests
bool BaseOverlay::handleJoinReply( OverlayMsg* overlayMsg, const LinkID& bcLink ) {
        // decapsulate message
        logging_debug("received join reply message");
        JoinReply* replyMsg = overlayMsg->decapsulate<JoinReply>();

        // correct spovnet?
        if( replyMsg->getSpoVNetID() != spovnetId ) { // no-> fail
                logging_error( "Received SpoVNet join reply for " <<
                                replyMsg->getSpoVNetID().toString() <<
                                " != " << spovnetId.toString() );
                delete replyMsg;
                return false;
        }

        // access granted? no -> fail
        if( !replyMsg->getJoinAllowed() ) {
                logging_error( "Our join request has been denied" );

                // drop initiator link
                if( !bcLink.isUnspecified() ){
                        bc->dropLink( bcLink );

                        vector<LinkID>::iterator it = std::find(
                                        bootstrapLinks.begin(), bootstrapLinks.end(), bcLink);
                        if( it != bootstrapLinks.end() )
                                bootstrapLinks.erase(it);
                }

                // inform all registered services of the event
                BOOST_FOREACH( NodeListener* i, nodeListeners )
                i->onJoinFailed( spovnetId );

                delete replyMsg;
                return true;
        }

        // access has been granted -> continue!
        logging_info("Join request has been accepted for spovnet " <<
                        spovnetId.toString() );

        logging_debug( "Using bootstrap end-point "
                        << replyMsg->getBootstrapEndpoint().toString() );

        // create overlay structure from spovnet parameter set
        // if we have not boostrapped yet against some other node
        if( overlayInterface == NULL ){

                logging_debug("first-time bootstrapping");

                overlayInterface = OverlayFactory::create(
                                *this, replyMsg->getParam(), nodeId, this );

                // overlay structure supported? no-> fail!
                if( overlayInterface == NULL ) {
                        logging_error( "overlay structure not supported" );

                        if( !bcLink.isUnspecified() ){
                                bc->dropLink( bcLink );

                                vector<LinkID>::iterator it = std::find(
                                                bootstrapLinks.begin(), bootstrapLinks.end(), bcLink);
                                if( it != bootstrapLinks.end() )
                                        bootstrapLinks.erase(it);
                        }

                        // inform all registered services of the event
                        BOOST_FOREACH( NodeListener* i, nodeListeners )
                        i->onJoinFailed( spovnetId );

                        delete replyMsg;
                        return true;
                }

                // everything ok-> join the overlay!
                state = BaseOverlayStateCompleted;
                overlayInterface->createOverlay();

                overlayInterface->joinOverlay( replyMsg->getBootstrapEndpoint() );
                overlayBootstrap.recordJoin( replyMsg->getBootstrapEndpoint() );

                // update ovlvis
                //ovl.visChangeNodeColor( ovlId, nodeId, OvlVis::NODE_COLORS_GREEN);

                // inform all registered services of the event
                BOOST_FOREACH( NodeListener* i, nodeListeners )
                i->onJoinCompleted( spovnetId );

                delete replyMsg;

        } else {

                // this is not the first bootstrap, just join the additional node
                logging_debug("not first-time bootstrapping");
                overlayInterface->joinOverlay( replyMsg->getBootstrapEndpoint() );
                overlayBootstrap.recordJoin( replyMsg->getBootstrapEndpoint() );

                delete replyMsg;

        } // if( overlayInterface == NULL )

        return true;
}


bool BaseOverlay::handleData( OverlayMsg* overlayMsg, LinkDescriptor* ld ) {
        // get service
        const ServiceID& service = overlayMsg->getService();
        logging_debug( "Received data for service " << service.toString()
                        << " on link " << overlayMsg->getDestinationLink().toString() );

        // delegate data message
        CommunicationListener* lst = getListener(service);
        if(lst != NULL){
                lst->onMessage(
                                overlayMsg,
                                overlayMsg->getSourceNode(),
                                overlayMsg->getDestinationLink()
                );
        }

        return true;
}


bool BaseOverlay::handleLinkUpdate( OverlayMsg* overlayMsg, LinkDescriptor* ld ) {

        if( ld == NULL ) {
                logging_warn( "received overlay update message for link for "
                                << "which we have no mapping" );
                return false;
        }
        logging_info("Received type update message on link " << ld );

        // update our link mapping information for this link
        bool changed =
                        ( ld->remoteNode != overlayMsg->getSourceNode() )
                        || ( ld->service != overlayMsg->getService() );

        // set parameters
        ld->up         = true;
        ld->remoteNode = overlayMsg->getSourceNode();
        ld->remoteLink = overlayMsg->getSourceLink();
        ld->service    = overlayMsg->getService();
        ld->autolink   = overlayMsg->isAutoLink();

        // if our link information changed, we send out an update, too
        if( changed ) {
                overlayMsg->swapRoles();
                overlayMsg->setSourceNode(nodeId);
                overlayMsg->setSourceLink(ld->overlayId);
                overlayMsg->setService(ld->service);
                send( overlayMsg, ld );
        }

        // service registered? no-> error!
        if( !communicationListeners.contains( ld->service ) ) {
                logging_warn( "Link up: event listener has not been registered" );
                return false;
        }

        // default or no service registered?
        CommunicationListener* listener = communicationListeners.get( ld->service );
        if( listener == NULL || listener == &CommunicationListener::DEFAULT ) {
                logging_warn("Link up: event listener is default or null!" );
                return true;
        }

        // update descriptor
        ld->listener = listener;
        ld->setAutoUsed();
        ld->setAlive();

        // ask the service whether it wants to accept this link
        if( !listener->onLinkRequest(ld->remoteNode) ) {

                logging_debug("Link id=" << ld->overlayId.toString() <<
                                " has been denied by service " << ld->service.toString() << ", dropping link");

                // prevent onLinkDown calls to the service
                ld->listener = &CommunicationListener::DEFAULT;

                // drop the link
                dropLink( ld->overlayId );
                return true;
        }

        // set link up
        ld->up = true;
        logging_info( "Link has been accepted by service and is up: " << ld );

        // auto links: link has been accepted -> send queued messages
        if( ld->messageQueue.size() > 0 ) {
                logging_info( "Sending out queued messages on link " << ld );
                BOOST_FOREACH( Message* msg, ld->messageQueue ) {
                        sendMessage( msg, ld->overlayId );
                        delete msg;
                }
                ld->messageQueue.clear();
        }

        // call the notification functions
        listener->onLinkUp( ld->overlayId, ld->remoteNode );
        sideport->onLinkUp( ld->overlayId, nodeId, ld->remoteNode, this->spovnetId );

        return true;
}

/// handle a link request and reply
bool BaseOverlay::handleLinkRequest( OverlayMsg* overlayMsg, LinkDescriptor* ld ) {
        logging_info( "Link request received from node id=" << overlayMsg->getSourceNode() );

        //TODO: Check if a request has already been sent using getSourceLink() ...

        // create link descriptor
        LinkDescriptor* ldn = addDescriptor();

        // flags
        ldn->up = true;
        ldn->fromRemote = true;
        ldn->relayed = true;

        // parameters
        ldn->service = overlayMsg->getService();
        ldn->listener = getListener(ldn->service);
        ldn->remoteNode = overlayMsg->getSourceNode();
        ldn->remoteLink = overlayMsg->getSourceLink();

        // update time-stamps
        ldn->setAlive();
        ldn->setAutoUsed();

        // create reply message and send back!
        overlayMsg->swapRoles(); // swap source/destination
        overlayMsg->setType(OverlayMsg::typeLinkReply);
        overlayMsg->setSourceLink(ldn->overlayId);
        overlayMsg->setSourceEndpoint( bc->getEndpointDescriptor() );
        overlayMsg->setRelayed(true);
        send( overlayMsg, ld ); // send back to link

        // inform listener
        if(ldn != NULL && ldn->listener != NULL)
                ldn->listener->onLinkUp( ldn->overlayId, ldn->remoteNode );

        return true;
}

bool BaseOverlay::handleLinkReply( OverlayMsg* overlayMsg, LinkDescriptor* ld ) {

        // find link request
        LinkDescriptor* ldn = getDescriptor(overlayMsg->getDestinationLink());

        // not found? yes-> drop with error!
        if (ldn == NULL) {
                logging_error( "No link request pending for "
                                << overlayMsg->getDestinationLink().toString() );
                return false;
        }
        logging_debug("Handling link reply for " << ldn )

        // check if already up
        if (ldn->up) {
                logging_warn( "Link already up: " << ldn );
                return true;
        }

        // debug message
        logging_debug( "Link request reply received. Establishing link"
                        << " for service " << overlayMsg->getService().toString()
                        << " with local id=" << overlayMsg->getDestinationLink()
                        << " and remote link id=" << overlayMsg->getSourceLink()
                        << " to " << overlayMsg->getSourceEndpoint().toString()
        );

        // set local link descriptor data
        ldn->up = true;
        ldn->relayed = true;
        ldn->service = overlayMsg->getService();
        ldn->listener = getListener(ldn->service);
        ldn->remoteLink = overlayMsg->getSourceLink();
        ldn->remoteNode = overlayMsg->getSourceNode();

        // update timestamps
        ldn->setAlive();
        ldn->setAutoUsed();

        // auto links: link has been accepted -> send queued messages
        if( ldn->messageQueue.size() > 0 ) {
                logging_info( "Sending out queued messages on link " <<
                                ldn->overlayId.toString() );
                BOOST_FOREACH( Message* msg, ldn->messageQueue ) {
                        sendMessage( msg, ldn->overlayId );
                        delete msg;
                }
                ldn->messageQueue.clear();
        }

        // inform listeners about new link
        ldn->listener->onLinkUp( ldn->overlayId, ldn->remoteNode );

        // try to replace relay link with direct link
        ldn->communicationId =
                        bc->establishLink( overlayMsg->getSourceEndpoint() );

        return true;
}

/// handle a keep-alive message for a link
bool BaseOverlay::handleLinkAlive( OverlayMsg* overlayMsg, LinkDescriptor* ld ) {
        LinkDescriptor* rld = getDescriptor(overlayMsg->getDestinationLink());
        if ( rld != NULL ) {
                logging_debug("Keep-Alive for " <<
                                overlayMsg->getDestinationLink() );
                if (overlayMsg->isRouteRecord())
                        rld->routeRecord = overlayMsg->getRouteRecord();
                rld->setAlive();
                return true;
        } else {
                logging_error("Keep-Alive for "
                                << overlayMsg->getDestinationLink() << ": link unknown." );
                return false;
        }
}

/// handle a direct link message
bool BaseOverlay::handleLinkDirect( OverlayMsg* overlayMsg, LinkDescriptor* ld ) {
        logging_debug( "Received direct link replacement request" );

        /// get destination overlay link
        LinkDescriptor* rld = getDescriptor( overlayMsg->getDestinationLink() );
        if (rld == NULL || ld == NULL) {
                logging_error("Direct link replacement: Link "
                                << overlayMsg->getDestinationLink() << "not found error." );
                return false;
        }
        logging_info( "Received direct link convert notification for " << rld );

        // update information
        rld->communicationId = ld->communicationId;
        rld->communicationUp = true;
        rld->relayed = false;

        // mark used and alive!
        rld->setAlive();
        rld->setAutoUsed();

        // erase the original descriptor
        eraseDescriptor(ld->overlayId);
}

/// handles an incoming message
bool BaseOverlay::handleMessage( const Message* message, LinkDescriptor* ld,
                const LinkID bcLink ) {
        logging_debug( "Handling message: " << message->toString());

        // decapsulate overlay message
        OverlayMsg* overlayMsg =
                        const_cast<Message*>(message)->decapsulate<OverlayMsg>();
        if( overlayMsg == NULL ) return false;

        // increase number of hops
        overlayMsg->increaseNumHops();

        // refresh relay information
        refreshRelayInformation( overlayMsg, ld );

        // update route record
        overlayMsg->addRouteRecord(nodeId);

        // handle dht messages (do not route)
        if (overlayMsg->isDHTMessage())
                return handleDHTMessage(overlayMsg);

        // handle signaling messages (do not route!)
        if (overlayMsg->getType()>=OverlayMsg::typeSignalingStart &&
                        overlayMsg->getType()<=OverlayMsg::typeSignalingEnd ) {
                overlayInterface->onMessage(overlayMsg, NodeID::UNSPECIFIED, LinkID::UNSPECIFIED);
                delete overlayMsg;
                return true;
        }

        // message for reached destination? no-> route message
        if (!overlayMsg->getDestinationNode().isUnspecified() &&
                        overlayMsg->getDestinationNode() != nodeId ) {
                logging_debug("Routing message "
                                << " from " << overlayMsg->getSourceNode()
                                << " to " << overlayMsg->getDestinationNode()
                );
                route( overlayMsg );
                delete overlayMsg;
                return true;
        }

        // handle DHT response messages
        if (overlayMsg->hasTypeMask( OverlayMsg::maskDHTResponse )) {
                bool ret = handleDHTMessage(overlayMsg);
                delete overlayMsg;
                return ret;
        }

        // handle base overlay message
        bool ret = false; // return value
        switch ( overlayMsg->getType() ) {

        // data transport messages
        case OverlayMsg::typeData:
                ret = handleData(overlayMsg, ld);                       break;

                // overlay setup messages
        case OverlayMsg::typeJoinRequest:
                ret = handleJoinRequest(overlayMsg, bcLink );   break;
        case OverlayMsg::typeJoinReply:
                ret = handleJoinReply(overlayMsg, bcLink );     break;

                // link specific messages
        case OverlayMsg::typeLinkRequest:
                ret = handleLinkRequest(overlayMsg, ld );       break;
        case OverlayMsg::typeLinkReply:
                ret = handleLinkReply(overlayMsg, ld );         break;
        case OverlayMsg::typeLinkUpdate:
                ret = handleLinkUpdate(overlayMsg, ld );        break;
        case OverlayMsg::typeLinkAlive:
                ret = handleLinkAlive(overlayMsg, ld );         break;
        case OverlayMsg::typeLinkDirect:
                ret = handleLinkDirect(overlayMsg, ld );        break;

                // handle unknown message type
        default: {
                logging_error( "received message in invalid state! don't know " <<
                                "what to do with this message of type " << overlayMsg->getType() );
                ret = false;
                break;
        }
        }

        // free overlay message and return value
        delete overlayMsg;
        return ret;
}

// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------

void BaseOverlay::broadcastMessage(Message* message, const ServiceID& service) {

        logging_debug( "broadcasting message to all known nodes " <<
                        "in the overlay from service " + service.toString() );

        OverlayInterface::NodeList nodes = overlayInterface->getKnownNodes(true);
        OverlayInterface::NodeList::iterator i = nodes.begin();
        for(; i != nodes.end(); i++ ) {
                if( *i == nodeId) continue; // don't send to ourselfs
                sendMessage( message, *i, service );
        }
}

/// return the overlay neighbors
vector<NodeID> BaseOverlay::getOverlayNeighbors(bool deep) const {
        // the known nodes _can_ also include our node, so we remove ourself
        vector<NodeID> nodes = overlayInterface->getKnownNodes(deep);
        vector<NodeID>::iterator i = find( nodes.begin(), nodes.end(), this->nodeId );
        if( i != nodes.end() ) nodes.erase( i );
        return nodes;
}

const NodeID& BaseOverlay::getNodeID(const LinkID& lid) const {
        if( lid == LinkID::UNSPECIFIED ) return nodeId;
        const LinkDescriptor* ld = getDescriptor(lid);
        if( ld == NULL ) return NodeID::UNSPECIFIED;
        else return ld->remoteNode;
}

vector<LinkID> BaseOverlay::getLinkIDs( const NodeID& nid ) const {
        vector<LinkID> linkvector;
        BOOST_FOREACH( LinkDescriptor* ld, links ) {
                if( ld->remoteNode == nid || nid == NodeID::UNSPECIFIED ) {
                        linkvector.push_back( ld->overlayId );
                }
        }
        return linkvector;
}


void BaseOverlay::onNodeJoin(const NodeID& node) {
        JoiningNodes::iterator i = std::find( joiningNodes.begin(), joiningNodes.end(), node );
        if( i == joiningNodes.end() ) return;

        logging_info( "node has successfully joined baseoverlay and overlay structure "
                        << node.toString() );

        joiningNodes.erase( i );
}

void BaseOverlay::eventFunction() {
        stabilizeRelays();
        stabilizeLinks();
        stabilizeDHT();
        updateVisual();
}

void BaseOverlay::updateVisual(){

        //
        // update base overlay structure
        //

        static NodeID pre = NodeID::UNSPECIFIED;
        static NodeID suc = NodeID::UNSPECIFIED;

        vector<NodeID> nodes = this->getOverlayNeighbors(false);

        if(nodes.size() == 0){

                if(pre != NodeID::UNSPECIFIED){
                        visual.visDisconnect(visualIdOverlay, this->nodeId, pre, "");
                        pre = NodeID::UNSPECIFIED;
                }
                if(suc != NodeID::UNSPECIFIED){
                        visual.visDisconnect(visualIdOverlay, this->nodeId, suc, "");
                        suc = NodeID::UNSPECIFIED;
                }

        } // if(nodes.size() == 0)

        if(nodes.size() == 1){
                // only one node, make this pre and succ
                // and then go into the node.size()==2 case
                //nodes.push_back(nodes.at(0));

                if(pre != nodes.at(0)){
                        pre = nodes.at(0);
                        if(pre != NodeID::UNSPECIFIED)
                                visual.visConnect(visualIdOverlay, this->nodeId, pre, "");
                }
        }

        if(nodes.size() == 2){

                // old finger
                if(nodes.at(0) != pre){
                        if(pre != NodeID::UNSPECIFIED)
                                visual.visDisconnect(visualIdOverlay, this->nodeId, pre, "");
                        pre = NodeID::UNSPECIFIED;
                }
                if(nodes.at(1) != suc){
                        if(suc != NodeID::UNSPECIFIED)
                                visual.visDisconnect(visualIdOverlay, this->nodeId, suc, "");
                        suc = NodeID::UNSPECIFIED;
                }

                // connect with fingers
                if(pre == NodeID::UNSPECIFIED){
                        pre = nodes.at(0);
                        if(pre != NodeID::UNSPECIFIED)
                                visual.visConnect(visualIdOverlay, this->nodeId, pre, "");
                }
                if(suc == NodeID::UNSPECIFIED){
                        suc = nodes.at(1);
                        if(suc != NodeID::UNSPECIFIED)
                                visual.visConnect(visualIdOverlay, this->nodeId, suc, "");
                }

        } //if(nodes.size() == 2)

//      {
//              logging_error("================================");
//              logging_error("my nodeid " << nodeId.get(MAX_KEYLENGTH-16, 16));
//              logging_error("================================");
//              if(nodes.size()>= 1){
//                      logging_error("real pre " << nodes.at(0).toString());
//                      logging_error("real pre " << nodes.at(0).get(MAX_KEYLENGTH-16, 16));
//              }
//              if(nodes.size()>= 2){
//                      logging_error("real suc " << nodes.at(1).toString());
//                      logging_error("real suc " << nodes.at(1).get(MAX_KEYLENGTH-16, 16));
//              }
//              logging_error("================================");
//              if(pre == NodeID::UNSPECIFIED){
//                      logging_error("pre: unspecified");
//              }else{
//                      unsigned int prei = pre.get(MAX_KEYLENGTH-16, 16);
//                      logging_error("pre: " << prei);
//              }
//              if(suc == NodeID::UNSPECIFIED){
//                      logging_error("suc: unspecified");
//              }else{
//                      unsigned int suci = suc.get(MAX_KEYLENGTH-16, 16);
//                      logging_error("suc: " << suci);
//              }
//              logging_error("================================");
//      }

        //
        // update base communication links
        //

        static set<NodeID> linkset;
        set<NodeID> remotenodes;
        BOOST_FOREACH( LinkDescriptor* ld, links ) {
                if (!ld->isVital() || ld->service != OverlayInterface::OVERLAY_SERVICE_ID)
                        continue;

                if (ld->routeRecord.size()>1 && ld->relayed) {
                        for (size_t i=1; i<ld->routeRecord.size(); i++)
                                remotenodes.insert( ld->routeRecord[ld->routeRecord.size()-i-1] );
                } else {
                        remotenodes.insert(ld->remoteNode);
                }
        }

        // which links are old and need deletion?
        bool changed = false;

        do{
                changed = false;
                BOOST_FOREACH(NodeID n, linkset){
                        if(remotenodes.find(n) == remotenodes.end()){
                                visual.visDisconnect(visualIdBase, this->nodeId, n, "");
                                linkset.erase(n);
                                changed = true;
                                break;
                        }
                }
        }while(changed);

        // which links are new and need creation?
        do{
                changed = false;
                BOOST_FOREACH(NodeID n, remotenodes){
                        if(linkset.find(n) == linkset.end()){
                                visual.visConnect(visualIdBase, this->nodeId, n, "");
                                linkset.insert(n);
                                changed = true;
                                break;
                        }
                }
        }while(changed);

}

// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------

/// stabilize DHT state
void BaseOverlay::stabilizeDHT() {
        // remove old values from DHT
        BOOST_FOREACH( DHTEntry& entry, dht->entries ) {
                // erase old entries
                entry.erase_expired_entries();
        }

        // erase old values from local DHT
        BOOST_FOREACH( DHTEntry& entry, localDHT->entries ) {
                // erase old entries
                entry.erase_expired_entries();
        }

        // re-publish values
        BOOST_FOREACH( DHTEntry& entry, localDHT->entries ) {
                BOOST_FOREACH( ValueEntry& value, entry.values )
                        dhtPut(entry.key, value.get_value(), 0, true );
        }
}

// handle DHT messages
bool BaseOverlay::handleDHTMessage( OverlayMsg* msg ) {

        // decapsulate message
        logging_debug("received DHT message");
        DHTMessage* dhtMsg = msg->decapsulate<DHTMessage>();

        // handle DHT data message
        if (msg->getType()==OverlayMsg::typeDHTData) {
                const ServiceID& service = msg->getService();
                logging_info( "Received DHT data for service " << service.toString() );

                // delegate data message
                CommunicationListener* lst = getListener(service);
                if(lst != NULL) lst->onKeyValue(dhtMsg->getKey(), dhtMsg->getValues() );
                return true;
        }

        // route message to closest node
        if (!overlayInterface->isClosestNodeTo(msg->getDestinationNode())) {
                logging_debug("Routing DHT message to closest node "
                                << " from " << msg->getSourceNode()
                                << " to " << msg->getDestinationNode()
                );
                route( msg );
                delete msg;
                return true;
        }

        // now, we are the closest node...
        switch (msg->getType()) {
        case OverlayMsg::typeDHTPut: {
                if (dhtMsg->doReplace()) dht->remove(dhtMsg->getKey());
                BOOST_FOREACH( Data value, dhtMsg->getValues() )
                                        dht->put(dhtMsg->getKey(), value, dhtMsg->getTTL() );
                break;
        }

        case OverlayMsg::typeDHTGet: {
                logging_info("DHT-Get: key=" << dhtMsg->getKey() );
                vector<Data> vect = dht->get(dhtMsg->getKey());
                BOOST_FOREACH(const Data& d, vect)
                        logging_info("DHT-Get: value=" << d);
                OverlayMsg omsg(*msg);
                omsg.swapRoles();
                omsg.setType(OverlayMsg::typeDHTData);
                DHTMessage dhtmsg(dhtMsg->getKey(), vect);
                omsg.encapsulate(&dhtmsg);
                dhtSend(&omsg, omsg.getDestinationNode());
                break;
        }

        case OverlayMsg::typeDHTRemove: {
                if (dhtMsg->hasValues()) {
                        BOOST_FOREACH( Data value, dhtMsg->getValues() )
                                                        dht->remove(dhtMsg->getKey(), value );
                } else
                        dht->remove( dhtMsg->getKey() );
                break;
        }

        default:
                logging_error("DHT Message type unknown.");
                return false;
        }
        delete msg;
        return true;
}

/// put a value to the DHT with a ttl given in seconds
void BaseOverlay::dhtPut( const Data& key, const Data& value, int ttl, bool replace ) {

        logging_info("DHT: putting key=" <<  key
                        << " value=" << value
                        << " ttl=" << ttl
                        << " replace=" << replace
        );


        // put into local data store (for refreshes)
        if (replace) localDHT->remove(key);
        localDHT->put(key, value, ttl);

        // calculate hash
        NodeID dest = NodeID::sha1(key.getBuffer(), key.getLength() / 8);
        DHTMessage dhtmsg( key, value );
        dhtmsg.setReplace( replace );
        dhtmsg.setTTL(ttl);

        OverlayMsg msg( OverlayMsg::typeDHTPut );
        msg.encapsulate( &dhtmsg );
        dhtSend(&msg, dest);
}

/// removes a key value pair from the DHT
void BaseOverlay::dhtRemove( const Data& key, const Data& value ) {
        // remove from local data store
        localDHT->remove(key,value);

        // calculate hash
        NodeID dest = NodeID::sha1(key.getBuffer(), key.getLength() / 8);
        DHTMessage dhtmsg(key,value);

        // send message
        OverlayMsg msg(OverlayMsg::typeDHTRemove);
        msg.encapsulate( &dhtmsg );
        dhtSend(&msg, dest);
}

/// removes all data stored at the given key
void BaseOverlay::dhtRemove( const Data& key ) {
        // calculate hash
        NodeID dest = NodeID::sha1(key.getBuffer(), key.getLength() / 8);
        DHTMessage dhtmsg(key);

        // send message
        OverlayMsg msg(OverlayMsg::typeDHTRemove);
        msg.encapsulate( &dhtmsg );
        dhtSend(&msg, dest);
}

/// requests data stored using key
void BaseOverlay::dhtGet( const Data& key, const ServiceID& service ) {
        logging_info("DHT: trying to resolve key=" <<
                        key << " for service=" << service.toString() );

        // calculate hash
        NodeID dest = NodeID::sha1(key.getBuffer(), key.getLength() / 8);
        DHTMessage dhtmsg(key);

        // send message
        OverlayMsg msg(OverlayMsg::typeDHTGet);
        msg.setService(service);
        msg.encapsulate( &dhtmsg );
        dhtSend(&msg, dest);
}

void BaseOverlay::dhtSend( OverlayMsg* msg, const NodeID& dest ) {
        logging_info("DHT: sending message with key=" << dest.toString() );
        msg->setSourceNode(this->nodeId);
        msg->setDestinationNode(dest);

        // local storage? yes-> put into DHT directly
        if (overlayInterface->isClosestNodeTo(msg->getDestinationNode())) {
                Data d = data_serialize(msg);
                Message* m2 = new Message(d);
                OverlayMsg* m3 = m2->decapsulate<OverlayMsg>();
                handleDHTMessage(m3);
                delete m2;
                return;
        }

        // send message "normally"
        send(msg, dest);
}

std::string BaseOverlay::debugInformation() {
        std::stringstream s;
        int i=0;

        // dump overlay information
        s << "--- overlay information ----------------------" << endl;
        s << overlayInterface->debugInformation() << endl;
        s << "----------------------------------------------" << endl;

        // dump link state
        s << "--- link state -------------------------------" << endl;
        BOOST_FOREACH( LinkDescriptor* ld, links ) {
                s << "link " << i << ": " << ld << endl;
                i++;
        }
        s << endl;

        return s.str();
}

}} // namespace ariba, overlay